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THE
INSPIRATION-TRANSMISSION-TRANSLATION
OF THE
WORD OF GOD
Copying the Word of God (3)
Lesson #6
Victor M. Eskew
INTRODUCTION
A. In our last lesson, we found that the OT was copied meticulously by the scribes
B. In this lesson, we will see just how well the texts were copied over hundreds of years.
C. However, God has promised that His Word would endure forever (Isa. 40:8; Matt. 24:35; I Pet. 1:25).
I. THE SCRIBES
II. THE METICULOUS COPYING PROCESS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
A. The Old Testament process:
B. How accurate were the Old Testament Scribes?
1. Prior to finding the Dead Sea Scrolls, the oldest manuscript of the Old Testament dated back to around 900 A.D.
2. In 1948, with the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Old Testament manuscripts were found that dated back to 300 B.C. Too, numerous copies were found (for example, 25 copies of Deuteronomy). NOTE: These OT manuscripts were written 1000+ years before the text that existed before the Dead Sea Scrolls were found.
3. The two texts were almost identical. The variants, involving about 5% of the text, were slips of the pen or variations in spelling.
4. Example
TABLE 1. QUMRAN VS. THE MASORETES
______________________________________
Of the 166 Hebrew words in Isaiah 53, only
seventeen letters in Dead Sea Scroll 1QIsb
differ from the Masoretic Text (Geisler and
Nix, 1986, p. 382).
10 letters = spelling differences
4 letters = stylistic changes
3 letters = added word for “light” (vs. 11)
______________________________________
17 letters = no affect on biblical teaching
(http://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=357
5. “Despite the thousand year gap, scholars found the Masoretic Text and the Dead Sea Scrolls to be nearly identical. The Dead Sea Scrolls provide valuable evidence that the Old Testament had been accurately and carefully preserved” (www.probe.org/the-dead-sea-scrolls/).
III. THE NEW TESTAMENT’S RELIABLITY
A. First, there are over 5,586 Greek manuscripts in existence today for the New Testament.
1. All of these are compared and contrasted in order to determine the true text. (See Aunt Sally’s Letter).
Reconstructing Aunt Sally’s Letter. Here’s a little story you can use to illustrate how such a test works. Pretend your Aunt Sally learns in a dream the recipe for an elixir that preserves youth. When she wakes up, she scribbles the directions on a scrap of paper, then runs to the kitchen to make her first glass of the potion. In a few days Aunt Sally is transformed into a picture of radiant youth because of her daily dose of “Sally’s Secret Sauce.”
Aunt Sally is so excited that she sends detailed, handwritten instructions on how to make the sauce to her three bridge partners. They, in turn, make copies for 10 of their own friends.
All goes well until Aunt Sally’s dog eats the scrap of paper on which she first wrote the recipe. In a panic she contacts her three friends who have suffered similar mishaps, so the alarm goes out to the others in an attempt to recover the original wording.
Sally rounds up all the surviving handwritten copies, 26 in all. When she spreads them out on the kitchen table, she immediately notices some differences. Twenty-three of the copies are exactly the same. Of the remaining three, however, one has misspelled words, another has an inverted phrase (“mix then chop” instead of “chop then mix”), and one includes an ingredient that is not listed on any of the others.
Do you think Aunt Sally can accurately reconstruct her original recipe from this evidence? Of course, she can. The misspellings are obvious errors and are easily corrected. The single inverted phrase stands out and can easily be repaired. Sally would then strike the extra ingredient, reasoning that it is more plausible that one person would accidentally add an item than that 25 people would accidentally omit the same one. Even if the variations were more numerous or more diverse, the original could still be reconstructed with a high level of confidence if Sally had enough copies.
This, in simplified form, is how scholars do “textual criticism,” an academic method used to test all documents of antiquity, not just religious texts. It’s not a haphazard effort based on hopes and guesses; it’s a careful linguistic process allowing an alert critic to identify and correct the possible corruption of any work.
http://www.equip.org/article/facts-for-skeptics-of-the-new-testament/, Gregory Koukl
2. “…the new Testament documents are better preserved and more numerous than any other ancient writings (See chart).
Author |
Date |
Earliest Copy |
Approximate Time Span between original & copy |
Number of Copies |
Accuracy of Copies |
Lucretius |
died 55 or 53 B.C. |
|
1100 yrs |
2 |
---- |
Pliny |
A.D. 61-113 |
A.D. 850 |
750 yrs |
7 |
---- |
Plato |
427-347 B.C. |
A.D. 900 |
1200 yrs |
7 |
---- |
Demosthenes |
4th Cent. B.C. |
A.D. 1100 |
800 yrs |
8 |
---- |
Herodotus |
480-425 B.C. |
A.D. 900 |
1300 yrs |
8 |
---- |
Suetonius |
A.D. 75-160 |
A.D. 950 |
800 yrs |
8 |
---- |
Thucydides |
460-400 B.C. |
A.D. 900 |
1300 yrs |
8 |
---- |
Euripides |
480-406 B.C. |
A.D. 1100 |
1300 yrs |
9 |
---- |
Aristophanes |
450-385 B.C. |
A.D. 900 |
1200 |
10 |
---- |
Caesar |
100-44 B.C. |
A.D. 900 |
1000 |
10 |
---- |
Livy |
59 BC-AD 17 |
---- |
??? |
20 |
---- |
Tacitus |
circa A.D. 100 |
A.D. 1100 |
1000 yrs |
20 |
---- |
Aristotle |
384-322 B.C. |
A.D. 1100 |
1400 |
49 |
---- |
Sophocles |
496-406 B.C. |
A.D. 1000 |
1400 yrs |
193 |
---- |
Homer (Iliad) |
900 B.C. |
400 B.C. |
500 yrs |
643 |
95% |
New |
1st Cent. A.D. (A.D. 50-100) |
2nd Cent. A.D. |
less than 100 years |
https://carm.org/manuscript-evidence Matt Slick
3. NOTE: The internal consistency of the New Testament documents is 99.5%.
B. There are over 19,000 copies in the Syriac, Latin, Coptic, and Aramaic languages.
C. WE have some manuscripts that were written within just a few short years of the autographs.
1. Chart: https://carm.org/manuscript-evidence Matt Slick
Important |
Contents |
Date |
MSS |
Approx. |
Location |
p52 |
circa |
circa |
29 yrs |
John Rylands Library, Manchester, England |
|
P46 |
Rom. 5:17-6:3, 5-14; 8:15-25, 27-35; 10:1-11, 22, 24-33, 35; 16:1-23, 25-27; Heb.; 1 & 2 Cor., Eph., Gal., Phil., Col.; 1 Thess. 1:1, 9-10; 2:1-3; 5:5-9, 23-28 |
50's-70's |
circa |
Approx. |
Chester Beatty Museum, Dublin & Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan library |
P66 |
John 1:1-6:11, 35-14:26; fragment of 14:29-21:9 |
70's |
circa |
Approx. |
Cologne, Geneva |
P67 |
|
circa |
Approx. |
Barcelona, Fundacion San Lucas Evangelista, P. Barc.1 |
2. The closest copy of Homer’s Iliad to the original is 500 years.
3. “If the critics of the Bible dismiss the New Testament as reliable information, then they must also dismiss the reliability of the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Caesar, Homer, and the other authors mentioned in the chart at the beginning of the paper. On the other hand, if the critics acknowledge the historicity and writings of those other individuals, then they must also retain the historicity and writings of the New Testament authors; after all, the evidence for the New Testament's reliability is far greater than the others. The Christian has substantially superior criteria for affirming the New Testament documents than he does for any other ancient writing. It is good evidence on which to base the trust in the reliability of the New Testament” (https://carm.org/manuscript-evidence Matt Slick).
D. “In the entire 20,000 lines of text, only 40 lines are in doubt (about 400 words) and none affects any significant doctrine. This means that the Greek text from which we derive our New Testament translations is 99.5 percent pure” (www.equip.org/article/facts-for-skeptics-of-the-new-testament, Gregory Koukl).
CONCLUSION
A. The Old Testament’s accuracy was confirmed by the Dead Sea Scrolls.
B. The New Testament’s accuracy is confirmed by the number of manuscripts and the early dates of many of the manuscripts that are in existence.
C. We definitely have the Word of God in our possession in the Hebrew and Greek languages.